The Leaning Tower(s) of Pisa

The Leaning Tower(s) of Pisa: "

You may be familiar with the story behind the famous Tower of Hanoi puzzle, as related by Henri de Parville in 1884:

In the great temple at Benares beneath the dome which marks the centre of the world, rests a brass plate in which are fixed three diamond needles, each a cubit high and as thick as the body of a bee. On one of these needles, at the creation, God placed sixty-four discs of pure gold, the largest disc resting on the brass plate, and the others getting smaller and smaller up to the top one. This is the Tower of Bramah. Day and night unceasingly the priests transfer the discs from one diamond needle to another according to the fixed and immutable laws of Bramah, which require that the priest on duty must not move more than one disc at a time and that he must place this disc on a needle so that there is no smaller disc below it. When the sixty-four discs shall have been thus transferred from the needle on which at the creation God placed them to one of the other needles, tower, temple, and Brahmins alike will crumble into dust, and with a thunderclap the world will vanish.

A less familiar chapter in the temple's history is its brief relocation to Pisa in the early 13th century. The relocation was organized by the wealthy merchant-mathematician Leonardo Fibonacci, at the request of the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, who had heard reports of the temple from soldiers returning from the Crusades. The Towers of Pisa and their attendant monks became famous, helping to establish Pisa as a dominant trading center on the Italian peninsula.

Unfortunately, almost as soon as the temple was moved to Pisa, one of the diamond needles began to lean to one side. To avoid the possibility of the leaning tower falling over from too much use, Fibonacci convinced the priests to adopt a more relaxed rule: Any number of disks on the leaning needle can be moved together to another needle in a single move. It was still forbidden to place a larger disk on top of a smaller disk, and disks had to be moved one at a time onto the leaning needle or between the two vertical needles.

Thanks to Fibonacci's new rule, the priests could bring about the end of the universe somewhat more quickly from Pisa then they could than could from Benares. Fortunately, the temple was moved from Pisa back to Benares after the newly crowned Pope Gregory IX excommunicated Frederick II, making the local priests less sympathetic to hosting foreign heretics with strange mathematical habits. Soon afterward, a bell tower was erected on the spot where the temple once stood; it too began to lean almost immediately.

Describe an algorithm to transfer a stack of n disks from one vertical needle to the other vertical needle, using the smallest possible number of moves. Exactly how many moves does your algorithm perform, as a function of n?

"